Arthur Millers Death of Saleman :: Arthur Millers Death of Saleman

Arthur Millers Death of Saleman On February 10, 1949, at the Morosco Theatre in New York, Death of a Salesman opened. It was immediately acclaimed as a perfective tense blend of script, setting, staging, and acting. The New Yorker called the play a mixture of compassion, imagination, and hard technical competence not often found in our theater. Death of a Salesman brush the award field in 1949, winning the Drama Critics Circle award, the Tony, Theatre Club, and Front Page awards, as well as the much-coveted Pulitzer Prize. Road companies took it on tour. European productions in translations played to full houses. The printed edition was a Book-of-the-Month Club selection and set a sales record for plays in book form. The movie rights were snapped up, and for months it was the roughly popular play for college and amateur productions. In fact, Salesman was a triumph that Miller has not been able to repeat - whatever the success or the true sexual morality of his later wo rk. When you read this play, take special care to remember the difference between the work of a playwright and that of a novelist. Novelists may imagine their consultation as an individual with book in band, but a playwright writes with a theater full of people in mind. Playwrights know that the script is well(p) the blueprint from which actors, producers, stagehands, musicians, scenic designers, make-up artists, and costumers begin. You will need to use an extra measure of imagination to evaluate this play before you see the Goodman production. Sidebars How does writing a script differ from writing a novel? Do you think it is easier to write in one form than the other? Why or why not? Death of a Salesman was a major success not only on the stage, but also in book form as well. Try to bear this in mind as you read. Try to visualize the action on the stage. In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller uses a striking approach to the problem of presenting time (and its passage a nd meaning) onstage. Dramatists have used many devices to deal with the problem of the movement of time through the ages - from the classical Greek refrain simply telling the audience that time has passed, to minutely realistic aging of the characters through make-up.

Entrepreneurial Revolution :: Business, Entrepreneurs

Kuratko and Hodgetts (2001) mentioned that we are having entrepreneurial revolution in this twenty introductory century. This is the period where entrepreneurs will grow like mushroom after the raining season. On the other hand in Malaysia, according to department of statistic (2009) the estimate of people who become entrepreneurs have shown a reducing trend since 1982 to 2008 where it had gone down to 20.9% from 25.1%. This shows that many people prefer to work with private sector or government rather than becoming entrepreneurs. To increase the number of the people to become entrepreneurs especially the Bumiputra(native people), the government has launched many schemes and mechanism to increase their numbers. Education institution has been apply as one of the mechanism to promote entrepreneurship to the student in mid(prenominal)dle and tertiary education. The creations of entrepreneurs are important because they have been proven to contribute to economy riches and job creatio n (Turker and Selcuk, 2008). In 1999, Audretsh and Thurik conducted research on past data from 1984 to 1994 regarding the relationship between entrepreneur and job creation issue. The result showed that there is a positive relationship between the two where the number of job rate increases when the number of entrepreneurs increased. In Malaysia entrepreneurship course was started to be introduced in some universities in mid 90s (Cheng et al.d, 2010). Then in 2007, Ministry of Higher Education made a policy that entrepreneurship course became a compulsory subject to all students in the universities irrespective of whatever faculties ,to encouraged more development of entrepreneurs from the university(Ministry of High Education Malaysia, report 2010). With this policy, universities have become the center to foster entrepreneurship. However unlike the perspective in the west, here in Malaysia the situation is different where the number of people who actually become entrepreneur is sm all compared to the number of people who have interpreted the course. This is totally difference in other countries. In the United States, for instance, many of the graduates form companies after and during their universities. In the west the impact of the entrepreneurship education have been good known as mention by Ayers (2004) where the graduates from Massachuset Institute of Technology have created more than 4000 companies. In Harvard more than 50% of the students have involved in post business (Anjan,2005). Similar effect also had happen in early research in Europe (Harhoff, 1999) .All these situations indicate that entrepreneurship can be taught through education.

Reasoning and Communication Essay -- Communication

REASONING AND COMMUNICATIONThe word reasoning comes from the sense of the read/write head which is closely related to critical thinking. Reasoning can be expressed as the way of making a decision or deciding if a proposed claim is true, partly true, totally untrue or false. Reasoning is an important aspect of our daily life for survival, in educational institutions and in our professions. Reasoning is inherent for progression from kindergarten school level to a graduate school level. The definition and meaning are much debated by many educators, but having in these a few(prenominal) meanings, It is described as the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a hire to belief and action. More recently, critical thinking has been described as the process of purposeful, self-regulatory jud gment, which uses reasoned consideration of evidence, context, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria. Reasoning is attached to analytic philosophy and pragmatist constructivism dated stand to more than 2,000 years ago, then in the Buddhas lectures and in the Greek Socratic tradition.Reasoning is used to determine so many issues, it sets goals, to determine assumptions, and incite out buried values, to check out and determine evidence, and to assess conclusions. Reasoning helps formulate a solution and also create a desk to critical and Byzantine problems, finding the solution within the mind, what the next action to take, analyzing and synchronizing the best and most quality methods of approach. Reasoning and Critical thinking are related terms. Richard capital of Minnesota in 1995 articula... ...M., Mericle J., Frush K., Meliones J. (2008). Using Six Sigma Methodology to Improve Handoff Communication in High Risk Patients. In Advances in Patient Safety New Directions and s ubstitute(a) Approaches. Vol. 3. Performance and Tools. AHRQ Publication No. 08-0034-3. Rockville, MD Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality August 2008.Ruggerio, V.R., Neglected Issues in the Field of Critical Thinking in Fasko, D. Critical Thinking and Reasoning Current Research, Theory, and Practice (2003). ISBN 978-1-57273-460-9Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana, Illinois University of Illinois Press.So We Need Something Else for Reason to Mean, foreign Journal of Philosophical Studies 8 3, 271 295.The Origins of the Modern Mind p. 173 see also A Mind So Rare p. 140-1

Essay --

When the time came to choosing a potential career path, in my mind I had absolutely no interrogative sentence that I aspired to pursue alveolar consonant hygiene. I believe that dentistry is one of the careers that has continual advancements in treatments and patient care, which provides endless opportunities to specialize in different branches of dentistry. intimately importantly I find this profession to be rewarding. I have always envisioned to take on a profession which combines not still scientific appli-cations but also patient care that improves peoples quality of life and this happens to be the best career which combines both of these important elements.My ambition to study dental hygiene has been further reinforced over the course of my gap year experience, working and studying as a dental nurse. I have catch more aware of the growing importance of helping educate the general public about oral health paying closer attention to causes of more or less of the most disastr ous oral conditions. Whilst working at the Ivory Dental Studio in London, I observed numerous procedures such as tooth onlays, musical theme canal treatment...

Open Mine Eyes :: English Literature Essays

Open Mine EyesOpen my look and allow me to behold the wealth of each curtained acre. Allow me to stand amidst the true complexity of rural area and hold me hostage beyond the flip of illustrations. As any mind may have it, such(prenominal) beauty is held too deep, so far forth no ordinary soul could see. I ask you to bring forth the beauty of such things. Describe to me, young man, the definition of America . . . Close your eyes and open your mind. Feel that slightly chilled breeze upon your cheeks, barely rustling through your golden hair. Reach out now and grasp the unknown, hold within your hand the temperament of unrestricted air. Now breathe deeply, and allow yourself to inhale that refreshing sweetness. Only you know that its the cause of the shallow whispering of the world around you. Now, in your mind, open your eyes and look beyond that reach. As far as your eyes can see, lays an open field of amber grain. Acres and acres of an un-chartered beauty. Though, what makes suc h emptiness beautiful? Behold, the white and scattered clouds, now accented by the blue sky and illuminated by the rays of purple, yellow or pink whizz from the rising sun beyond the horizon. I witness the world grow smaller. I see, in the distance, the annually alternating colors extending from green and yellow, to orange and brown. A painted portrait of freckled or dimpled ground lies towards the horizon. Look above, a great royalty in heavens plains extending his prided wings over the appreciated air. The bird of Jove watches carefully over his kingdom. Though it may not seem much, he prides himself with the restless content of the waving grain. The mild whispering of the wheat battling each other for unity and for serenity, for direction and for time. Though through this complexity, he watches his kingdom dance. You, al mavin, stand in his shallow pond of grain. When the wind picks up it creates waves of confusion. The careful breeze pushes them one way, and in restraint they push back. Though when the winds lets up they have strained so much, when they are released, they lurch into the other direction, creating an elegant swaying motion. The individual composition of form, and with the problematical motions they mold a dance of serenity. You must understand, in order to visualize such beauty, a person must be willing to look bring forward than the word America.

Open Mine Eyes :: English Literature Essays

Open Mine EyesOpen my eyes and allow me to behold the wealth of for each one curtained acre. Allow me to stand amidst the true complexity of land and hold me hostage beyond the hand of illustrations. As any mind may have it, such beauty is held too deep, so cold away no ordinary soul could see. I ask you to bring forth the beauty of such things. Describe to me, young man, the definition of America . . . pen up your eyes and open your mind. Feel that slightly chilled line upon your cheeks, barely rustling through your golden hair. Reach out now and grasp the unknown, hold in spite of appearance your hand the temperament of unrestricted air. Now breathe deeply, and allow yourself to inhale that refreshing sweetness. Only you know that its the cause of the shallow whispering of the world rough you. Now, in your mind, open your eyes and aim beyond that reach. As far as your eyes can see, lays an open field of amber grain. Acres and acres of an un-chartered beauty. Though, what m akes such emptiness beautiful? Behold, the white and scattered clouds, now accented by the blue sky and illuminated by the rays of purple, yellow or tap brilliance from the rising sun beyond the horizon. I witness the world grow smaller. I see, in the distance, the annually alternating colors extending from green and yellow, to orange tree and brown. A painted portrait of freckled or dimpled ground lies towards the horizon. Look above, a great royalty in heavens plains extending his prided wings over the comprehended air. The eagle watches carefully over his kingdom. Though it may not seem much, he prides himself with the restless content of the waving grain. The mild whispering of the wheat battling each other for unity and for serenity, for direction and for time. Though through this complexity, he watches his kingdom dance. You, alone, stand in his shallow pond of grain. When the wind picks up it creates waves of confusion. The careful breeze pushes them one way, and in restrai nt they push back. Though when the winds lets up they have strained so much, when they are released, they lurch into the other direction, creating an elegant swaying motion. The individual art object of form, and with the subtle motions they mold a dance of serenity. You must understand, in order to visualize such beauty, a person must be willing to look further than the word America.

Main Objectives of Financial Management

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT The main intentions of monetary management ar- 1. Profit maximization The main objective of financial management is profit maximization. The pay manager tries to earn maximum profits for the company in the short and the long-term. He mintnot guarantee profits in the long term because of business uncertainties. However, a company can earn maximum profits even in the long-term, if- i. The Finance manager takes proper financial decisions. ii. He uses the pay of the company properly. 2.Wealth maximization Wealth maximization (shareholders value maximization) is alike a main objective of financial management. Wealth maximization means to earn maximum wealth for the shareholders. So, the finance manager tries to give a maximum dividend to the shareholders. He also tries to join on the merchandise value of the shares. The mart value of the shares is directly related to the movement of the company. Better the performance, higher is the market value of shares and vice-versa. So, the finance manager mustiness afflict to maximise shareholders value. . Proper estimation of total financial requirements Proper estimation of total financial requirements is a very important objective of financial management. The finance manager must estimate the total financial requirements of the company. He must find out how much finance is required to start and run the company. He must find out the fixed crownwork and working roof requirements of the company. His estimation must be correct. If not, there will be shortage or surplus of finance. Estimating the financial requirements is a very difficult job.The finance manager must consider many factors, such as the type of technology use by company, number of employees employed, scale of operations, legal requirements, etc. 4. Proper mobilisation Mobilisation (collection) of finance is an important objective of financial management. After estimating the financial requirements, the finance manager must de cide about the sources of finance. He can collect finance from many sources such as shares, debentures, expelk loans, etc. there must be a proper balance between owned finance and borrowed finance.The company must borrow money at a low appreciate of interest. 5. Proper recitation of finance Proper utilisation of finance is an important objective of financial management. The finance manager must charter optimum utilisation of finance. He must use the finance profitable. He must not waste the finance of the company. He must not invest the companys finance in unprofitable projects. He must not block the companys finance in inventories. He must have a short credit period. 6. Maintaining proper interchange hang Maintaining proper bills flow is a short-term objective of financial management.The company must have a proper cash flow to pay the day-to-day expenses such as purchase of raw materials, payment of wages and salaries, rent, electricity bills, etc. If the company has a go od cash flow, it can take advantage of many opportunities such as getting cash discounts on purchases, large-scale purchasing, giving credit to customers, etc. A healthy cash flow improves the chances of survival and success of the company. 7. Survival of company Survival is the most important objective of financial management.The company must survive in this free-enterprise(a) business world. The finance manager must be very careful while making financial decisions. One wrong decision can recognize the company sick, and it will close down. 8. Creating reserves One of the objectives of financial management is to create reserves. The company must not distribute the full profit as a dividend to the shareholders. It must keep a part of it profit as reserves. holds can be used for future growth and expansion. It can also be used to face contingencies in the future. 9.Proper coordination monetary management must try to have proper coordination between the finance department and ot her departments of the company. 10. get goodwill Financial management must try to create goodwill for the company. It must improve the image and reputation of the company. Goodwill helps the company to survive in the short-term and succeed in the long-term. It also helps the company during bad times. 11. Increase efficiency Financial management also tries to increase the efficiency of all the departments of the company.Proper dispersion of finance to all the departments will increase the efficiency of the entire company. 12. Financial discipline Financial management also tries to create a financial discipline. Financial discipline means- i. To invest finance only in productive areas. This will bring high returns (profits) to the company. ii. To avoid wastage and misuse of finance. 13. Reduce cost of capital Financial management tries to reduce the cost of capital. That is, it tries to borrow money at a low rate of interest.The finance manager must plan the capital structure in such a way that the cost of capital it minimised. 14. Reduce operating risks Financial management also tries to reduce the operating risks. There are many risks and uncertainties in a business. The finance manager must take steps to reduce these risks. He must avoid high-risk projects. He must also take proper insurance. 15. Prepare capital structure Financial management also prepares the capital structure. It decides the ratio between owned finance and borrowed finance. It brings a proper balance between the different sources of. apital. This balance is necessary for liquidity, prudence, flexibility and stability. How are financial market and financial services regulated in India? In this context briefly examine the role of SEBI? Financial regulators in India have been obligated to inter alia undertake the development of the market. This has been expressively incorporated in the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) Act, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (I rda) Act, and is proposed in the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Bill (PFRDA) since reintroduced in the Rajya Sabha.The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), until the constitution of sector regulators like Sebi, Irda, etc, undertook the responsibility of developing various segments of the financial market. Setting up of institutions like the Industrial Development Bank of India ( IDBI), building block Trust of India (UTI), National Housing Bank (NHB) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development ( Nabard) and so on, establishes historical track of the role played by the RBI in the development of the financial markets.At the conclusion of my presentation as Sebi chairman in one of the Neemrana Conferences an annual event jointly organised by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), US, Martin Feldstein, the indeed-chairman of NBER, asked me how could Indian capital market undergo so many fast- paced reforms (after the 2001 market scam), and was visibly surprised to hear that Sebi has been legislatively obligated to develop the market as well and eventually became the driver of development.Market and its constituents were persuaded, albeit compelled, to march along the track charted out by the regulator. Here, it might be worthwhile to reflect on the growth and development of the insurance, asset management and pension markets, which has been stagnating for the last three years. The market participants in all the sectors bemoan that the growth has been torpedoed by the fast-paced regulatory changes ushered in by the concerned regulators.The regulatory authorities, on the other hand, profess that the regulatory changes were warranted to protect the interest of the investors. It has also been argued, on occasions, that the environment and functioning of the market necessitated the changes to prevent possible scam and/or the market collapse. However, it appears significant p art of the reforms warmth has been drawn from the practices in the developed markets and even thelocalisation, albeit customisation, has not been woven in some of the areas.The questions that prominently surface are (a) whether regulatory changes have helped or adversely impacted the growth and development of the market, and (b) whether investors interests have actually been protected. Answers to these questions would require putting the ethos of the market in perspective. There is no gainsaying that financial illiteracy is rampant in the country. The malaise is not limited to rural and/or the illiterate masses. Low level of understanding of financial products and lack of self-propelled actualisation to buy is far-flung even among the educated elite in metropolitan towns.Groping deeper in the basket of reforms reveals that sudden and drastic reduction or elimination of intermediation fees agreems to have had deadly impact on the existence and sustainability of the intermediaries s tructure both tied and third party. Some have done for(p) out of business the number of insurance agents has gone down by over three lakh during the last year alone and quite a few others are on brink of disengagement. The trickery of the regulatory direction of customer paying the fees for the advice as against the age-old practice of being woven in the pricing could not be absorbed.This is just an spokesperson of what choked the growth of the mutual fund industry. Savings and disposable incomes are finding their way into the gold rush notwithstanding prices going through the roof. Investment in gold does not add to the growth of economy, as it is a locked investment and very little leveraging is done. It is well understood that the regulator has to architect a framework that ensures efficient functioning of the market and protects investors interests. However, this has to be achieved without impacting the growth and development of the market, at least in medium-to-long term.C ontraction of growth in a developing economy has the potential of a double whammy. The economy does not get the required resources impacting the GDP growth and rise in disposable incomes, culminating into deceleration of financial market with multiple cascading effects. The savers miss the opportunity of profiting from the potentials of the economy. In fact, it is customary in most developed markets to undertake a pre-study of the cost of regulatory changes with an evaluation of the benefits to judge the betray of between cost and benefits.The level of development of financial markets suggests that it is time for Indian regulators to begin the practice of undertaking such an exercise before embarking upon designing and implementing the in the altogether regulatory regime. At this point in time when the economy needs to grow at a level higher than 8. 5%, the growth of the financial sectors, which is critical, has to be ensured. It is an accepted dictum that securing an aspired rate of GDP growth requires roughly four times that rate as investment. The financial services industry is the enabler.A revisit of the regulatory craft is imminently desirable. Explain role of SEBI in regulating Indian Capital Market more deeply with following points 1. Power to make rules for controlling stock exchange SEBI has federal agency to make new rules for controlling stock exchange in India. For example, SEBI fixed the time of transaction 9 AM and 5 PM in stock market. 2. To provide license to dealers and brokers SEBI has power to provide license to dealers and brokers of capital market. If SEBI sees that any financial product is of capital nature, then SEBI can also control to that product and its dealers.One of main example is ULIPs case. SEBI said, It is just like mutual funds and all banks and financial and insurance companies who want to pop out it, must take permission from SEBI. 3. To Stop fraud in Capital Market SEBI has many powers for stopping fraud in capit al market. It can ban on the trading of those brokers who are subscribed in fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to stock market. It can impose the penalties on capital market intermediaries if they involve in insider trading. 4.To Control the Merge, Acquisition and Takeover the companies Many big companies in India want to create monopoly in capital market. So, these companies buy all other companies or deal of merging. SEBI sees whether this merge or acquisition is for development of business or to harm capital market. 5. To audit the performance of stock market SEBI uses his powers to audit the performance of different Indian stock exchange for bringing transparency in the working of stock exchanges. 6. To make new rules on carry forward transactions a.Share trading transactions carry forward can not exceed 25% of brokers total transactions. b. 90 day limit for carry forward. 7. To create affinity with ICAI ICAI is the authority for making new auditors of comp anies. SEBI creates good relationship with ICAI for bringing more transparency in the auditing work of company accounts because audited financial statements are mirror to see the real face of company and after this investors can decide to invest or not to invest. Moreover, investors of India can easily trust on audited financial reports.After Satyam Scam, SEBI is canvas with ICAI, whether CAs are doing their duty by ethical way or not. 8. Introduction of derivative contracts on Volatility Index For reducing the risk of investors, SEBI has now been determined to permit Stock Exchanges to introduce derivative contracts on Volatility Index, subject to the condition that a. The underlying Volatility Index has a track record of at least one year. b. The Exchange has in place the appropriate risk management framework for such derivative contracts. 2.Before introduction of such contracts, the Stock Exchanges shall conjure up the following i. Contract specifications ii. Position and Exe rcise Limits iii. Margins iv. The economic purpose it is intended to serve v. Likely contribution to market development vi. The safeguards and the risk protection implement adopted by the exchange to ensure market integrity, protection of investors and smooth and orderly trading. vii. The infrastructure of the exchange and the surveillance system to effectively monitor trading in such contracts, and viii. Details of settlement procedures & systems ix.Details of back testing of the margin calculation for a period of one year considering a call and a put option on the underlying with a delta of 0. 25 & -0. 25 respectively and actual value of the underlying. 9. To Require report of Portfolio Management Activities SEBI has also power to require report of portfolio management to check the capital market performance. Recently, SEBI sent the letter to all Registered Portfolio Managers of India for demanding 10. To educate the investors Time to time, SEBI arranges scheduled workshops to educate the investors. On 22 may 2010 SEBI imposed workshop.

Cultural Observation

In my adventure to find the right store for this assignment, I solicited the assistance of my neighbor. My neighbor, Edith keep and her married man Larry own a convenience store in Gaga Priest, located in the northern region of Sonata, Mexico so this was the venue of choice for me to name for a few hours. Before entering the store, the first thing I observed was the modest appearance of the building. The building was not as fancy or innovational as mom of the building in American.It was covered in handed-down Mexican colors and language written on the walls as headspring as locals seated on a bench outside the door. This reminded me of some of the local stores I was accustom to when growing up in Georgia. The local flock were as observant of me as I was of them, paying close attention to what I was narrateing to my friend Edith. Edith was precise familiar with many of the community in the sports stadium so she was able to introduce me to some of the people entering the stor e. One of the main things saw as well as smelled was garlic.The reason for this is he deem own local garlic farmers and they just recently harvested the garlic which was creation sold in their store. Edith also makes and sells tamales in their store, which are a traditional Mexican dish made out of corn. As I reflect on this experience, it forced me to pay very close attention to better commiserate what people were saying because they were primarily speaking Spanish. English being my native language, I had to watch what I said to ensure that I did not say anything offensive. I was very impressed with the way each person presented themselves in the way they interacted as well as he way they dressed.Most American is not very courteous or considerate to their elders but I noticed how they would address their elders. This is something I was accustoming to from a youth growing up in the sec being respectful Of my elders and this was displayed by many in Mexico. This observation also affected my intercultural communication in a way that has forced me to want to improve my Spanish so could better interact with Edith and her family.Cultural ObservationIn my adventure to find the right store for this assignment, I solicited the assistance of my neighbor. My neighbor, Edith Harbor and her husband Larry own a convenience store in Gaga Priest, located in the northern region of Sonata, Mexico so this was the venue of choice for me to observe for a few hours. Before entering the store, the first thing I observed was the modest appearance of the building. The building was not as fancy or modern as mom of the building in American.It was covered in traditional Mexican colors and language written on the walls as well as locals seated on a bench outside the door. This reminded me of some of the local stores I was accustom to when growing up in Georgia. The local people were as observant of me as I was of them, paying close attention to what I was saying to my friend Edith. Edith was very familiar with many of the people in the area so she was able to introduce me to some of the people entering the store. One of the main things saw as well as smelled was garlic.The reason for this is he Harbor own local garlic farmers and they just recently harvested the garlic which was being sold in their store. Edith also makes and sells tamales in their store, which are a traditional Mexican dish made out of corn. As I reflect on this experience, it forced me to pay very close attention to better understand what people were saying because they were primarily speaking Spanish. English being my native language, I had to watch what I said to ensure that I did not say anything offensive. I was very impressed with the way each person presented themselves in the way they interacted as well as he way they dressed.Most American is not very courteous or considerate to their elders but I noticed how they would address their elders. This is something I was accustoming to from a youth growing up in the south being respectful Of my elders and this was displayed by many in Mexico. This observation also affected my intercultural communication in a way that has forced me to want to perfect my Spanish so could better interact with Edith and her family.

New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory

Human understanding to the world of the minuscule atoms had diversityd all over the passing of cartridge clip. Several scientist physicists had al approximately devoted their entire vivification in order to achieve a better view to the building blocks of matter. Numerous persons had come through to be ac make outledged by the Nobel Peace Price for natural philosophy more or less this matter. Two of them were Erwin Schrdinger of Austria and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac of the United Kindom. Their contributions, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics and the surmise of electrons and Positrons respectively were accounted for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.To know how atomic theory is related with wave mechanics, Schrdinger explained the different phenomenon attributed with waves. Mechanics of waves has a topic relate with the change in the direction of light as it passes through several kinds of mediums or barriers. Schrdinger emphasized that the course of instruction of light rays can be predicted if we will postulate ii simple laws, they were the law of refraction by Snellius a few centuries ago and the law of reflection by Archimedes dated back 2,000 years ago. The two laws can simply be viewed with the use of convex and pouch-shaped lenses which were present in the mechanism of a telescope and a camera. The occurrence of refraction was cited by Schrdinger as a result of Fermats teaching.Fermats principle states that light propagates with different velocities in different mediums and the path of light visible to the human shopping center is the path that could quickly fetch the light particles to its destination (Schrdinger, 1933). If in that location is a need to refract and suppose the light intends non to refract, it would mean of a delay. divagation happens when there is gradual change in the nature of medium. Schrdinger gave an example.The path that sunlight takes is earthward rather than the shorter substantial p ath because light particles tend to take the higher swift layers to reach its destination more quickly. Refraction of the sun is discover when it is deep down in the horizon and it appears flattened. Refraction is commonaltyly observed when viewing a straight object that is half part in whiz medium, say water and half part into another medium, say air. Schrdinger further explained it by comparing the phenomenon to a travel of soldiers in an unleveled terrain. The soldiers tend to take the not up hilled part so as they can travel at the least cadence possible.Fermats principle was then comp atomic number 18d to the discovery of Hamilton that true troop points (components of matter) bm in forces field is governed by the comparable said principle. Hamilton principle does not suggestively states that the mass point chooses the quickest way, example would be in a planet revolving around the sun or a stone thrown in a body of water. But the analogy of matter with the lights tenden cy for shortest traveling time would salve arise. After this observation, the proposition that matter has a wave property had then been revived since the time of Christiaan Huygens.The theory of Electrons and Positrons on the other hand supports the claim that matter is a particle. It states that matter is composed of variant kinds of particles, the particle of the same kind exhibiting almost the same properties (Dirac, 1933). The classification of elementary particles present is still on debate. But a classification of the simpler kinds of particles was enumerated by Dirac. They were the photons or light-quanta, of which light is composed, the electrons and the positrons (which appear to be a bearing of mirror image of the electrons, differing from them only in the sign of their electric charge), and the heavier particles protons and neutrons.Dirac foc employ on the study of electrons and positrons because of dissimilar reasons. He emphasized that we must first construe how t heory can give any data on the properties of elementary particles. General quantum mechanics is used to describe the motion of a particle. However, it is only applicable to particles having small velocities.It is in here that the theory of relativity comes in with regards to particles having velocities comparable to the speed of light. As of today, gateway of relativistic quantum mechanics had yet pushed through (Pfeifer, 2004) which, termsonise to Dirac, is needed to be applied in the observation of particles with arbitrary properties. That procedure would be successful in the case of electrons and positrons such as observing their spiral properties (Dirac, 1933).To book a background about electron, it is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a electronegative charge. It is found that an electron must actually have a high frequency oscillatory motion of small amplitude rather than the slow movement that have been thought of for the past. This oscillatory motion results to the fastness of an electron to be equal at any time to the velocity of light. This prediction cannot be proved by experiment as of Diracs time since the frequency of the oscillatory motion is said to be high while its amplitude is said to be so small. But one must still believe this matter since related topics such as the scattering of light by an electron are confirmed by an experiment that time.The positron, on the contrary, is the antimatter or antiparticle counterpart of electrons, as theorized by Dirac. It has the same mass but the opposite charge and spin as compared to electrons. Annihilation occurs when a low energy positron collides with a low energy electron, resulting in the production of two gamma ray photons (Dirac, 1933). This phenomenon about positron makes it prone to use in fictional stories of today.A proposal, approach path from the said discoverer of positron, Carl D. Anderson suggested to change the name of electron to negatron and then later on change th e use of electron as the generic destination for both the positively and negatively charge subatomic particles. But the move did not prosper.ImplicationsThe study about the minute atoms brought many beneficial effects to the human society. Going even deeper to the world of subatomic particles gave the modern society an edge to various fields.In industry, most common uses of Electron beams are in cathode ray tubes in television sets and computer monitors. Some other less known uses are in welding, lithography (practice of using beams to collapse patterns on a surface), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmitting electron microscopes (TEM). Low energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High Energy Diffraction (RHEED) are also the most current innovations man had discovered to gain benefits to Electron Beams (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia).In the laboratory, electron and scanning tunneling microscopes are used to study objects in the atomic scale. In medicine, r ay therapy makes use of electron beams for treatment of superficial tumors.There is a wide range of benefits subatomic particles give to us as of today. But the doubt of discovering something about them that could harm not only the humans but the whole living things in the world is still there. Positron, having the negative name of being antimatter, is now being fictionalized as something that could be used for mass destruction. Nonetheless, it is still in mans judgment if he will use it or not against him and unto others.ReferencesPfeifer (2004). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, an presentationRetrieved June 4, 2007, fromhttp//www.walterpfeifer.ch/relqm/index.htmlDirac (1933). Theory of electrons and positrons Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdfSchrdinger (1933). The fundamental idea of wave mechanics. Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-lecture.pdfElect ron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_ref-griffiths_0Positron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PositronNew Productive Forms of Atomic TheoryHuman understanding to the world of the minuscule atoms had changed over the passing of time. Several scientist physicists had almost devoted their entire life in order to achieve a better view to the building blocks of matter. Numerous persons had attained to be acknowledged by the Nobel Peace Price for Physics about this matter. Two of them were Erwin Schrdinger of Austria and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac of the United Kindom. Their contributions, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics and the Theory of Electrons and Positrons respectively were accounted for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.To know how atomic theory is related with wave mechanics, Schrdinger explained the different phenomenon attributed with waves. Mechanics of waves has a topic concerned with the change in the direction of light as it passes through several kinds of mediums or barriers. Schrdinger emphasized that the path of light rays can be predicted if we will consider two simple laws, they were the law of refraction by Snellius a few centuries ago and the law of reflection by Archimedes dated back 2,000 years ago. The two laws can simply be viewed with the use of convex and concave lenses which were present in the mechanism of a telescope and a camera. The occurrence of refraction was cited by Schrdinger as a result of Fermats principle.Fermats principle states that light propagates with different velocities in different mediums and the path of light visible to the human eye is the path that could quickly fetch the light particles to its destination (Schrdinger, 1933). If there is a need to refract and suppose the light intends not to refract, it would mean of a delay. Refraction happens when there is gradual change in the nature of medium. Schrdinger gave an example. The path that sunlight takes is earthward rather than the shorter straight path because light particles tend to take the higher faster layers to reach its destination more quickly.Refraction of the sun is observed when it is deep down in the horizon and it appears flattened. Refraction is commonly observed when viewing a straight object that is half part in one medium, say water and half part into another medium, say air. Schrdinger further explained it by comparing the phenomenon to a travel of soldiers in an unleveled terrain. The soldiers tend to take the not up hilled part so as they can travel at the least time possible.Fermats principle was then compared to the discovery of Hamilton that true mass points (components of matter) movement in forces field is governed by the same said principle. Hamilton principle does not suggestively states that the mass point chooses the quickest way, example would be in a planet revol ving around the sun or a stone thrown in a body of water. But the analogy of matter with the lights tendency for shortest traveling time would still arise. After this observation, the proposition that matter has a wave property had then been revived since the time of Christiaan Huygens.The theory of Electrons and Positrons on the other hand supports the claim that matter is a particle. It states that matter is composed of various kinds of particles, the particle of the same kind exhibiting almost the same properties (Dirac, 1933). The classification of elementary particles present is still on debate. But a classification of the simpler kinds of particles was enumerated by Dirac. They were the photons or light-quanta, of which light is composed, the electrons and the positrons (which appear to be a sort of mirror image of the electrons, differing from them only in the sign of their electric charge), and the heavier particles protons and neutrons.Dirac focused on the study of electro ns and positrons because of various reasons. He emphasized that we must first consider how theory can give any data on the properties of elementary particles. General quantum mechanics is used to describe the motion of a particle. However, it is only applicable to particles having small velocities. It is in here that the theory of relativity comes in with regards to particles having velocities comparable to the speed of light. As of today, introduction of relativistic quantum mechanics had yet pushed through (Pfeifer, 2004) which, according to Dirac, is needed to be applied in the observation of particles with arbitrary properties. That procedure would be successful in the case of electrons and positrons such as observing their spin properties (Dirac, 1933).To have a background about electron, it is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. It is found that an electron must actually have a high frequency oscillatory motion of small amplitude rather than the sl ow movement that have been thought of for the past. This oscillatory motion results to the velocity of an electron to be equal at any time to the velocity of light. This prediction cannot be proved by experiment as of Diracs time since the frequency of the oscillatory motion is said to be high while its amplitude is said to be so small. But one must still believe this matter since related topics such as the scattering of light by an electron are confirmed by an experiment that time.The positron, on the contrary, is the antimatter or antiparticle counterpart of electrons, as theorized by Dirac. It has the same mass but the opposite charge and spin as compared to electrons. Annihilation occurs when a low energy positron collides with a low energy electron, resulting in the production of two gamma ray photons (Dirac, 1933). This phenomenon about positron makes it prone to use in fictional stories of today.A proposal, coming from the said discoverer of positron, Carl D. Anderson suggest ed to change the name of electron to negatron and then later on change the use of electron as the generic term for both the positively and negatively charge subatomic particles. But the move did not prosper.ImplicationsThe study about the minute atoms brought many beneficial effects to the human society. Going even deeper to the world of subatomic particles gave the modern society an edge to various fields.In industry, most common uses of Electron beams are in cathode ray tubes in television sets and computer monitors. Some other less known uses are in welding, lithography (practice of using beams to generate patterns on a surface), scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Low energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Reflection High Energy Diffraction (RHEED) are also the most current innovations man had discovered to gain benefits to Electron Beams (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia).In the laboratory, electron and scanning tunneling microscopes are used to study objects in the atomic scale. In medicine, radiation therapy makes use of electron beams for treatment of superficial tumors.There is a wide range of benefits subatomic particles give to us as of today. But the doubt of discovering something about them that could harm not only the humans but the whole living things in the world is still there. Positron, having the negative name of being antimatter, is now being fictionalized as something that could be used for mass destruction. Nonetheless, it is still in mans judgment if he will use it or not against him and unto others.ReferencesPfeifer (2004). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, an Introduction Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//www.walterpfeifer.ch/relqm/index.htmlDirac (1933). Theory of electrons and positrons Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-lecture.pdfSchrdinger (1933). The fundamental idea of wave mechanics. Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//nobelprize .org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-lecture.pdfElectron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_ref-griffiths_0Positron. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron

Marketing Strategies for Cell C Essay

It has been argued that strategic marketing inventning can be viewed as the solution to multitudinous issues which face modern management (Haris, 1996). Indeed, it is often contended that the make of strategic marketing planning is crucial since planning determines what must be done in the future whilst giving an opportunity to test what has been achieved against the framework of the living plan. However, it is univers everyy acknowledged that not only is planning far from simple but also that few organizations plan well (Piercy, 1997).As Cell C, we retrieve using our marketing plan as a road map, to plan our course and help us reach our goals/destination. Typically a marketing plan should consist of information about the company and its products or services, marketing activities, objectives and strategies, and its method for measuring success. It should also have a designated time period (i.e. 6 ? 12 months) and one should document the costs of the planned marketing activities. (after D.K Schofield ? De-mystifying Marketing plans)MISSIONA company must get to the future not only prime(prenominal) but also for less. (HBR G. Hamel & C.K. Prahald) As Cell C is the third mobile operator in South Africa, this poses a tough challenge, but we believe were up for it, and we intend being First on innovation and Customer Service. Our goal is competitive innovation not competitive imitation (adapted from STRATEGIC smell ? C.K. Prahalad &G. Hamel)The marketing strategies for Cell C are focused on meeting the needs of our future customers, and keeping them met. We plan to achieve this through the provision of knowledge base class service and innovative products at competitive prices.MARKETING OBJECTIVESTo realise (win over) 15 ? 20 % of existing cell phone users.To attract rude(a) users from all spheres, in particular the under serviced areas i.e. rural and semi-urban communities.To create a visible profile through an explosive branding campaign.BUY CELL CTo be co mmensurate to offer customers the option of a 1 year contract, and still make a profit. (presently the two players in the market only offer 2 year contracts)FINANCIAL OBJECTIVESHaving seen that over the past year our competitors, Vodacom and MTN have attained give ins on capital invested of 41 % and 27 % respectively, we impart be aiming for a return of 20 %.MARKETING MIXWe believe that in order to put even a slight dent in the marked we need to be aggressive in our marketing attack. we can proceed with the implementation of our aggressive cellular network rollout, paving the look for us to introduce innovative new competitive service and product packages designed to further expand mobile telephony to the mass market. T. Laham Cell CCEOOur intention is to use a combine of marketing concepts in order to have the best impact i.e. Product concept, production concept and the market concept.Product conceptTo be in a position to offer cell phones and contracts that are in high demand but at the lowest possible price.Production conceptTo be able to offer unique products and offer the best quality and performance (on the 1800 Mhz spectrum.)We will find out what it is the customer wants and ensure that we give it to them in that way we will ensure customer satisfaction.Market conceptCustomer orientation ? The key to customer retention is customer satisfaction. We subscribe to the belief that perceived benefits go beyond product performance, to service quality, company image, sales service and relationships. (after A. Arbee & K. Naidu, Marketing Management)Collaboration ? We believe that it is the mandate of all employees of Cell C to undertake in the marketing of the company, after all if the marketing exercise fails Cell C fails.Competitive Advantage ? We are planning to build the reputations of and maintain successful brands, in this way ensure customers confidence in the brands ensuring repurchases.PRODUCTS AND SERVICESWe will offer all the products our competit ors offer but at a more competitive price.We will offer a 1 year contract to subscribers as opposed to the two year contracts offered by our competitors. (This will be accompanied by a free Siemens phone to the value of +/- R600)We will introduce a wristwatch phone (assuming that the technology is available) ? this will be marketed to children as well as in industry. The watch / phone will have two buttons, an answer key and a Hang up key, these will double up as pre-programmed dial buttons. (maximum of two numbers pre-programmed into the watch) I.e. a child needing to call mom to fetch them will push the pre-programmed button and this will automatically dial mom. Companies could head off those private call cell phone bills and stillkeep in touch with their drivers for instance.We will offer better connectivity and speed for data connection on the 1800 Mhz spectrum.COMPETITORSWe believe it to be of utmost important to be aware of what our competition has done, and are planning to d o. Not only do we have to scar what theyre doing but we have to do it that much better and faster.MTN OverviewMTN ranks as one of the largest GSM networks in the homo with operations in Africa (Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda and bidding for licence in Nigeria?) and has roaming agreements with 153 networks in 76 countries.In September 1999, M-Cell acquired Orbicom, the largest provider of satellite services in Africa. The company distributes digital signals and manages value-added networks across Africa.The brand has established many world records in performance, includingjudged among worlds top three GSM operators (Financial Times London)product innovation (1st Prepaid in SA, Faxmail, global SMS on internet)MTN is pro-actively channeling resources towards the development of previously disadvantage areasconnecting more than 300 communities to the most modern form of communicationjob creation, skills development and economic empowerment through Community Payphones ProgrammeVodacom Overv iewVodacom started operations during 1994, thence becoming SAs first network operatorIt attracted 50 000 subscribers within the first month (June), the number rising to 100 000 by October of the same year.at once Vodacom owns the majority share of the market (approx. 55%) and services some 3,6 million customersVodacom has won awards for Advertising, Marketing, Corporate Social Investment, amongst others,PMR Golden Arrow and SA non-listed company of the yearVodacom is frankincense far considered a follower, providing products and services in response to MTNs innovationVodacom Corporate StructureVodacom Group (Pty)Ltd shareholders are Telkom SA Ltd 50% Vodafone Airtouch Plc 31,5% Rembrandt Group Limited 13,5% and HCI 5%(After MTN waver 2 presentation)Global mobile phone sales have shot past the total number of PCs soldMobile handsets have potential to cash in ones chips the most dominant device linked to the internet in the futureThe implicationsmore people will have access to the internet as cellular is cheaper than PCvalue added services will become more and more of a competitive edgemore specialization by service providers thus cutting down on customer confusion and finding own niches, e.g.ReferencesHaris, 1996, Piercy, 1997 adapted from article posted on Gmarketing website. Written by J. C. LevinsonDe-mystifying Marketing plans G marketing. D.K SchofieldCompeting for the future Harvard Business Review, July /August 1994-G. Hamel & C.K. PrahaldStrategic Intent Harvard Business Review, May/June 1989 C.K. Prahalad &G. HamelMarketing Management A. Arbee & K. Naidu, Book 1 Marketing Pilosophy and Strategy. 2001/2 edition

Process Design & Analysis

A move rear end be defined as a collection of equipment, methods, people, and systems utilise together to beat the harvest-homes/ returns requisite. A transit outline in an organizations approach is to transform re ancestrys into goods and run. The objective of the crop strategy is to build a fulfill that meets node requirements and ingathering specifications within cost and opposite managerial constraint. The swear out selected exit demand a unyielding term effect on expertness and flexibility of drudgery, as well as on cost and quality of goods produced. thitherfore much of the companys operations strategy is provided at the cadence of dish finality.Within a given easiness, several strategies may be used. These strategies atomic return 18 much classified as Fig. 1 operation-Focused Repetitive-Focused Product focused help-Focused Strategy The characteristics facilities atomic emergence 18 organized by ca-ca out, similar cognitive solvees be together ( physical exercise either drill presses argon together), pocket-sized sight, mel imprinted variety products, Jumbled flow. Products follow umpteen contrasting paths. Other names for solve focused strategy argon intermittent parade or Job shop. Process-Focused Strategy Examples Machine Shop, Hospital, and Bank. Custom wood make shop Advantages 1.Greater product flexibility 2. to a greater extent general purpose equipment 3. spurn initial capital investment Disadvantages 1. High vari able costs 2. More heightsly trained somebodynel 3. More difficult production planning & concord 4. Low equipment employment (5% to 25%) Repetitive Focused Strategy Characteristics Facilities often organized by gather lines, Characterized by modules, Parts & assemblies atomic number 18 made previously Modules are combined for many output options. Other names are Assembly line, Production line E. g. auto-manufacturing, someoneal computers, house-hold appliances, etc. Assembly line exampleProduct focused strategy Characteristics Facilities are organized by product which require High volume and low variety Conversion or further processing of undifferentiated materials such(prenominal) as petroleum, chemicals, or beer Follows a predetermine sequence of steps, but flow is regular rather than discrete highly standardized. Also known as line flow production or continuous production. Examples include paper fashioning, light bulbs, soft drinks, etc. Advantages 1. Lower production cost per unit 2. Lower but to a greater extent specialized savvy skills 3. Easier production planning and control 4.higher(prenominal) equipment utilization (70% to 90%) Disadvantages 1. Lower product flexibility 2. More specialized equipment Types of flow system Continuous flow It is characterized by a streamlined flow of products in the operating system. The Conversion process begins with input of raw material at one end, progresses through the system in an differentiately fashion to finally become finished goods at the final stage. Production process is sequential and the required resources are organized in stages. Examples are several chemical processing industries such as manufacture of Petrochemicals, steel, pharmaceutical, cement and glass.It ia in any case used in a discrete manufacturing industry high volume production of genuinely few varieties (such as galvanizing bulbs or spark plugs) Intermittent flow It is characterized by mid-volume, mid-variety products/ dos. It gains the flow complexities. The flow and capacitance balancing are difficult but important in intermittent fibre of flow system. Process industries use batch production methods composition discrete industries use selection methods of intentioning layout issues. The capacity estimation is hard and production planning & control is complex.Process design for intermittent flow in Discreet Manufacturing Jumbled scarper System It occurs on account of non-standard and complex flow p atterns characteristic in certain systems. Items are highly customized here and node orders for one or a few products. Operational complexity arising out of jumbled flow is high. Discrete manufacturing with Jumbled flow uses a Job Shop structure Examples are turn discern project executor such as BHEL or L&T, customized manufacturing systems such as PCB fabricators, sheet metal fabricators, tool room operators and printing and publishing.Process flow in job shops Complex issue is capacity management of jumbled flows 1. Considerable age is lost due to tell setup of processes 2. Due to jumbled flow, crisscrossing of jobs in the system results in poor visibleness. 3. Problems are often hidden and build up of figure in process inventory takes emplacement 4. Cost account and estimation systems are crucial as there is a constant destiny to quote for specific customer orders Process digest and design Organizations lose realized that the arche emblematic step in achieving success is to analyse and define their operations processes.An operations process is a set of related activities that combine to feature something of harbor to a customer or to the organization. There are a number of methods of analysing process designs. Some of them that are discussed here are take to the woods diagrams, Time-Process-Function persona, pry stream mapping, process charts and benefit blue printing. Process flow chart A process flow chart is an instrument that visualises and analyses the mixed systems and procedures (e. g. delivery of benefits, conclusiveness-making, bullion allocation, accountingand monitoring) within an organisation. What can you do with it?The flow chart analysis helps to identify the bottlenecks in the different processes within the organisation. It identifies unnecessary involvement of people, loopholes in decision making or unnecessary detains in the process. It assists to make the organisation more than efficient in its operations. The proce ss flow chart helps to design new processes for the primary process, carry processes and supervisory processes, and helps to analyse the bottlenecks in existing procedures. It is very useful to help participants understand the interrelation of the work activities and to realise how the work of one person influences the others. step in making a process flow chart 0. Formulate the (sub-) question that you want to answer by making a process flowchart. Aims for which a process flow chart is suitable are ? ? ? To decide how to optimise core processes (operational planning and strategic decision making) To prepare strategic choices, identifying strengths and weaknesses (step to strategic decision making) To judge organisation suitability and performance (to make playfulnessding and programme positioning decisions) 0. Define the field of analysis. Decide whether you depict ? ? ? ? ?Current approach pattern (daily practice the in baronial reality) Current design (how it should happen ac cording to the books) Redesign (establishing the desired process) Clearly distinguish current practice from current design and/or design Analyse the redesign (and even current design) only after the current practice 1. Choose the process. ? ? ? ? Which process are you departure to analyse? Unique or standard Define the come to the foreing point Specify the outcome/result of the process 2. Describe the process as indicated to a set about place, using the indicated symbolism ? ? ?State the start and end point (outcome/result) Divide the process in 5-10 activities of the same(p) level of analysis. If you befuddle more than 10 steps Cluster them or Make more than one flow chart Identify decision moments. Describe these decision moments inyes/no questions. Check that two the Yes-side and the No-side experience a follow-up use (arrow that leads somewhere), ifthat is reality. For example Proposal approved? Yes Proceed + Send confirmation to client No File the proposal + Inform cli ent with reasons ? Identify the responsible person/unit for all(prenominal) action (this may not be the same as the implementing person).All activities/decision moments that follow the symbol are the responsibility of the person/unit indicated. Therefore, if the responsible person/unit stays the same, you need not repeat the in-charge. ? Identify the information coming into the process and all information going out of the process. The arrows of the connecting lines indicate whether the information is going in or out ? Connect the symbols with arrows that indicate the flow of the process. Include loops to show that an earlier exertion should be repeated 3. Add key information and write it abutting to the activities/decisions or arrows ? ? Volume The quantity of the product or service you process in a certain period of metre. This indicates the magnitude of the subject Time/Cost The reasonable or annual clock/cost (expenditure) complex in from each one activity (write next to step). This indicates the organisation efficiency Duration The (average) time that passes surrounded by two steps (write next to arrow). This indicates the responsiveness to clients 4. Identify possible bottlenecks. Ask questions like ? ? ? why does the activity/decision take place? Why does the activity/decision take place at this point in the sequence?Why does the activity/decision (or the time among them) take the time it takes? ? ? ? ? ? (Why) is the activity/decision difficult to carry out? Why is this person responsible for this activity/decision? Who co-ordinates and supervises at different moments? What is the effect of external (information, input, and means) dependencies? What are the risks (what can go wrong) in the activity/decision? 5. Assess options for modifyments. Check each option considering ? ? ? ? displace you leave out activities, decision points or information? Can you combine/change activities, decision points or information?Can you simplify activities , decision points or information? Can you change the responsible person? 6. Evaluate betterments, considering whether the options result in ? ? ? ? ? Less effort (better methods, upgraded staff, better means and inputs) needed Less time (better sequence or screening, less rejection) needed Better quality service/product (better road maps, control) Less resources (optimising expenses and quality) needed Better working conditions (more safety, fulfilment, less stress) 7. Draw conclusions, in relation to your (sub-) question.Write strengths and weaknesses (judged from the point of view of your question) on green and red cards respectively. Figure infra shows a process flow chart for electrical fittings manufacturing. Time based process mapping (TBPM) Process mapping allows the identification of lineage processes, organisational roles and financial accountabilities, and how these inter-relate between functions, with a view to their subsequent re-engineering and improvement. However, conventional process mapping techniques do not focus on the important metric of time.Time Based Process Mapping is a tool for visually representing and analysing the key interconnecting processes which collectively constitute the append and manufacturing chain in relation to the consumption of time. It must be emphasised that TBPM is quite different from the traditional Time and Motion studies as practised by generations of Industrial Engineers. TBPM concentrates on the urge on of progression of specific components through the production cycle, whilst time and motion studies are only concerned with the labour output and utilisation rates of employees.Time Based Competition Time-based companies reduce cost indirectly through compressing time. When a company attacks time directly, the first benefits to show up are commonly footlinger cycle time and faster inventory turns. So when a company goes after time reduction in the right stylus, it tends to get both time and cost out. The reverse is not always so. Successful companies have shifted the focus of their source of manufacturing compete over the agone few decades. Time Based Competitive Advantage The growthd emphasis over the past few years on, the Order Winning Criteria of delivery time can be considered to be a new militant paradigm.The subject of ever lilliputianening product lifecycles and rapid market obsolescence has received considerable academic attention and a wealth of literature has been published. The compression of time provides organisations with a distinct competitive cost advantage. Companies discover that costs do not increase when lead times are reduced they decline. Costs do not increase with greater investment in quality-they decrease and also costs do not go up as product variety increases and response times reduce they go down.Key features of organisations that compress time are that they place high emphasis on customer focus, responsiveness, R&D and innovation. Objectives of TBP M The three main objectives of TBPM are to i) ii) iii) Fully define and simplify the production route, Compress the production cycle time, and Reduce the non value adding activities & Increase the value adding proportions of the process. What data is necessary? Key questions that need to be asked to gather the required data are i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) What is the process?Where does it start and finish? How long does it actually take from the first input to the last output? Does the process require a decision, how long does it take? How long should it take? How much time is spent on queuing prior to being processed? How much time is spent on rework? The figure to a lower place shows the service blueprint for Overnight Hotel Stay value Process Charts The charting of work flows, working processes, systems and procedures is a useful way of recording the essential features of a work situation for subsequent analysis.Process Charts are one of the simpler forms of workflow charting a nd are still in regular usage but are less vulgar than they once were. A variety of process charts have been intentional to meet the needs of a particular level or stage of analysis they can be used at a detailed level (recording activity at a specific work station or workplace), but also at the wider system, process or procedure level. The different kinds of process chart share a common core set of symbols, though some have additional symbols for specific and specialised process steps. The common symbols (of hich there are only five) were first promulgated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and have become known as the ASME symbols. OPERATION a main step, where the part, material or product is usually modified or changed INSPECTION indicates a go bad for quality or quantity TRANSPORT the movement of workers, materials or equipment STORAGE controlled shop in which material is received into or issued from a store, or an particular is reference purposes DELAY or TEMP ORARY STORAGE indicates a delay in the process, or an object laid aside until requiredThese symbols are only if linked together in a vertical chart representing the key stages in a process it is usual to place a commentary in an adjoining column recording contextual/environmental information. e. g. against a Transport symbol would be recorded, start of journey, end of journey, distance and mode of transport. The simplest form of process chart is known as an outline process chart and records an overview or outline of a process. Only those steps of a process that can be represented by the ASME symbols of operation and inspection are recorded.An outline process chart is often a useful first step to identify key areas of concern before recording (part of) the process in more detail. In a full process chart, where all symbols are used, it is common to chart the process from the viewpoint of the material being processed, the worker carrying out the work or, less commonly, a piece of equi pment. Thus, the same symbols can be used in different ways. As a simple example, a piece of equipment can be represented on an equipment-type flow process chart as a delay because it is not in use while a material-type flow process chart of he same process would show the material being transported to the next work station, and a man-type chart could show the operator involved in another operation on another car. The chart to be used may be determined by the purpose of the investigation or by the relative costs involved in the process a highly capital-intensive process may focus more attention on the equipment being used. Process charts may also be used at a more micro level of analysis. An example is the two-handed process chart which records the motions performed by both hands during a task.The sequence of motion of each hand is charted using the same symbols as before. There are slight changes to the meaning of the symbols, however. The delay symbol is used to indicate that the hand is waiting to carry out its next task. The storage symbol is used to indicate that the hand is holding on to a piece of material or a document. Two-handed process charts are usually drawn on a pre-formatted diagram. Their use has generally been superseded by the analyses involved in the use of low level pre-determined motion time systems. The figure infra shows the process chart for Requisition of Petty CashValue Stream Mapping Value Stream Mapping is a method of creating a superstar page picture of all the processes that occur in a company, from the time a customer places an order for a product, until the customer has received that product in their facility. The goal is to depict material and information flows across and end-to-end all Value-Adding Processes required to produce and ship the product to the customer. Value Stream Maps document all of the processes used to produce and ship a product, both Value-Adding and Non-Value-Adding (Waste) processes.Why Value Stream Ma p? During the team populace of a Value Stream Mapping, business and manufacturing waste that occur in the processes can be easily identified. Once the Current State Value Stream Mapping is created, it becomes the baseline for improvement and for the creation of a Future State Value Stream Mapping. The FSVSM can then be used as a World Class Manufacturing implementation passage map. The steps to implement value stream mapping are Step 1 Determine the product or service to be analyzed.Step 2 Author a value stream map that depicts the process steps, information flows, and timelines that are required to create the product or service being analyzed. The mapping can either be a design, production, or service flow and may use standardized value mapping process symbols. Step 3 Examine the process streams on the value stream map to determine if there are any redundancies or wasteful steps and mark them for revision or deletion. Step 4 Redraw the mapping as a future state value stream map with the wasteful steps removed.Step 5 Implement process changes in the organization to work towards the new value stream mapping. The figure below shows value stream map of a typical manufacturing firm benefit Blue Printing The service blueprint is a technique used for service innovation. The blueprint shows processes within the company, divided into different components which are separated by lines. Service blueprints are maps or pictures that precisely portray how a service process is built up. It is used to provide unmarrieds, which are involved in the process, help to understand and to deal sober with certain circumstances.Blueprints are especially useful, when it comes to developing and designing new services. It visualizes the service simultaneously depicting the panoptical components of the service, the roles of employees and customers, the intersections of customer connection, and the process of service delivery. The blueprint provides a way to divide a service int o logical elements and to picture the tasks or steps in the process, the guideline how customer experience a service, and the instruments by which the tasks are accomplished. Blueprinting is already used in different techniques and fields, including computer systems analysis.The service blueprint consists of 5 components 1. Customer Actions 2. onstage / Visible Contact Employee Actions 3. Backstage / Invisible Contact Employee Actions 4. Support Processes 5. Physical Evidence 1. Customer Actions This component contains all of the steps that customers take as part of the service delivery process. This element is always on top of the service blueprint. 2. Onstage / Visible Contact Employee Actions This element is separated from the customer actions by a line of interaction. These actions are face-to-face actions between employees and customers. . Backstage / Invisible Contact Employee Actions The line of visibility separates the Onstage from the Backstage actions. Everything that appe ars above the line of visibility can be seen by the customers, while everything under the line of visibility is invisible for the customers. A very good example of an action in this element, is a telephone call these is an action between an employee and a customer, but they dont see each other. 4. Support Processes The internal line of interaction separates the contact employees from the support processes.These are all the activities carried out by individuals and units within the company who are not contact employees. These activities need to happen in order for the service to be delivered. 5. Physical Evidence For each customer action, and every moment of truth, the physical evidence that customers come in contact with is described at the very top of the service blueprint. These are all the tangibles that customers are exposed to that can influence their quality perceptions. Building a blueprint The process of structuring a blueprint involves six steps 1. The identification of the service process, that is supposed to be blueprinted 2.The identification of the customer segment or the customers that are suppose to experience the service 3. visualize the service from the customers perspective 4. Picturing the actions of the contact employee (onstage and backstage), and/or engineering actions 5. Linking the contact activities to the needed support functions 6. Adding the evidence of service for every customer action step The figure below shows the service blueprint for Overnight Hotel Stay Service Service processes What is a Service? A Service is the value provided to the customer through a set of interactions and impacts on the input from the customer.The service process is implemented and executed by the service provider. The input to the service process from the customer may be in form of information, belongings or even the person of the customer itself. The service and service process are designed to reach a goal which has been defined by the stakeholders, especially the customer and the service provider. The service, its goal, the service process, the customer, the service provider and the resources are embedded into an environment which is source of legal compliance requirements etc. All together they constitute a service system.Service processes and their properties There are a number of crucial differences between service and business processes. 1. There are intense interactions with the customer For example, it may be necessary that the customer provides some information to allow the further proceeding of the process. It is important to emphasize that a service process must describe the interaction between customer and service provider. 2. Service processes differentiate two areas, move stage and back stage. The front stage contains the activities of the customer and the service providers activities that are visible to the customer.The back stage contains the activities not visible to the customer. 3. Service processes need to r epresent the handover of resources and information from the customer to the service provider and the restitution vice versa. Furthermore, service processes are often cross-organizational. A top-level service process that is responsible for providing the service to the customer coordinates a number of sub processes. Fig. 2 Product Process Design (top) v/s Service Process Design (bottom) Characteristics of services ? work are tangible ?Service output is variable ? Services have higher customer contact ? Services are perishable ? Services are inseparable from delivery ? Services tend to be decentralized and dispersed ? Services are consumed more often than products ? Services can be easily emulated Many services come as part of a man-sizedr package of bundle of things. The service-product bundle consists of 1) The physical goods or facilitating goods, 2) The tangible service provided or explicit service, and 3) The psychological service or implicit service For example, at a winter sk i resort. The facilitating goods are the chair lifts, buildings and mountain itself at the resort. ? The explicit service is primarily the skiing experience, but you also have the interaction with employees and the visual experience in the shops and sleeping quarters. ? The implicit service pertains to the fun generated, the sense of security you have and the excitement of the skiing. It is important to pay attention to all these experiences. Service recovery is the ability to quickly compensate for the failure of service delivery and restore, if possible, the service required by the customer.Obviously, service failure should be held to a minimum, but the recovery can also mean the difference between success and failure of the company service Guarantees help the company in clearly defining the process of service delivery and specify the extent of service recovery, if needed. Thus a process can be designed to provide consistent service. Service Process Design Service process design r efers to the establishment of service facilities where the service is provided and the processes through which the service operations are structured and delivered.Lovelock classified service process by the extent of demand fluctuations and the extent to which supply capacity is constrained. When demand is highly fluctuated and peak demand regularly exceeds capacity, managers must consider altering either demand pattern or supply capacity so that service can be delivered without incurring long customer waiting time. In case demand pattern cannot be altered, managers could consider operations-oriented strategies to control the level of service supply, such as scheduling parttime workers and cross training service personnel.The way in which the service process is designed determines, to a large extent, the wait that customers experience. Any reductions in customer waiting time by better management of process design can certainly help lower both customer dissatisfaction and defection. Often, managers have a number of alternatives to choose from when shaping the design of their service delivery process. Fig. 3 Service Design Process The Service Matrix As the popularity of Service Learning grows, the need to have a common language for discussion is critical.Currently there are a painful amount of resources on Service Learning, but often these resources are complex and abstract, leading to difficulties in describing and defining quality service learning experiences. In order to address this problem, The Service Matrix was created. The Service Matrix was designed to plot individual contributions to a particular service effort but is not mean to plot an entire service effort. With these parameters in mind, the X axis measures the value of a service effort to the community, while the Y axis measures he formal learning that occurred during the service effort. These axes intersect and provide the framework for the four quadrants of The Service Matrix. The following exa mples best describes these four quadrants of The Service Matrix. Quadrant One Basic Volunteerism (Lower imposing Learning, Lower Value to the Community) Anthony chases a countercurrent drive and gives a dry pint of blood. This example is considered basic volunteerism because Anthony learned very little (lower formal learning) and the individual pint of blood is small when compared to the boilersuit need for blood in the community (lower value).Quadrant Two Community Service (Lower glob Learning, Higher Value to the Community) In this example, Chloe brings 10 of her friends to the blood drive. Although, Chloes formal learning has not increased (Lower Formal Learning) with this example, due to her efforts she has now increased her value to the community (Higher Value to the Community) by meeting the need with greater impact. Chloes contribution is considered community service however, her friends remain in the basic volunteerism quadrant.Quadrant Three Community-Based Learning (Hi gher Formal Learning, Lower Value to the Community) Carlos is a high school senior enrolled in a Certified Nursing Assistance (CNA) class. As part of his coursework, he is assigned to attend a blood drive and observe nurses drawing blood. As a result, Carlos saw firsthand how his course work applied to real life situations (Higher Formal Learning), although his individual contribution to the community was insignificant (Lower Value to the Community) because there was no service performed on his behalf.Quadrant Four Service Learning (Higher Formal Learning, Higher Value to the Community) Pauline is in a marketing class at her high school. After learning basic marketing principles, her assignment is to apply her experience in a way that would benefit the community. Pauline reads in the local paper that there is a need for blood in the local blood banks and hospitals. Responding to this need and using her marketing knowledge, Pauline organizes a blood drive at her high school. Puttin g theories into ractice, Pauline was able to internalize and reinforce her marketing knowledge (Higher Formal Learning). At the same time, because of Paulines efforts, 100 pints of blood were collected. (Higher Value to the Community) Objectives 1. By using The Service Matrix, individuals will gain a clear framework for understanding the different levels of service, including service learning. 2. Individuals using The Service Matrix as a reflection tool will be able to evaluate the quality and impact of their individual contribution(s) to a particular service effort.Customer Waiting Time The chalk up elapsed time between return of a customer order and satisfaction of that order. Ideally, CWT will include all customer orders, regardless of commodity or source, immediate issues, and backorders (and) include issues from sell and retail stocks as well as various other arrangements. Consumers today are more constrained by time than ever before. In an intensely competitive world the pr essure, expectation and need to accomplish more in less time is unlikely to diminish.Service providers understand the premium that consumers place on time they view as wasted while waiting for the delivery of services. A customer waiting in line for service is potentially a lost customer. As such, managers of service operations constantly strive to shorten customer waiting time during service delivery. Firms across a variety of industries have introduced numerous peripheral service elements to the service package experience of their customers, in an attempt to shorten customer waiting times.Such efforts are best illustrated by retail stores that have check-out registers which self-activatingally print the date, amount and name of payee on the cheques customers use when making payment. More recently, new technology offers even more opportunities to improve service process and thus customer service in various industries. For instance, the practice of e-ticketing in the airline busine ss has definitely made a great impact on ticket purchasing as well as airport check-in processes.productiveness Productivity is the ratio of outputs (goods and services) divided by the inputs (resources such as labor and capital). It differs from Production in that production is a measure of the output and not the efficiency. Productivity = Units produced / Input used ? Measure of process improvement ? Represents output relative to input ? Only through productivity increases can our standard of living improve Example Improving Productivity at Starbucks A team of 10 analysts continually look for ways to shave time. Some improvements 1.Stop requiring signatures on credit card purchases under $25- Saved 8 seconds per feat 2. Change the size of the ice scoop- Saved 14 seconds per drink 3. New espresso machines- Saved 12 seconds per shot trading operations improvements have helped Starbucks increase yearly revenue per outlet by $200,000 to $940,000 in six years. Productivity has impr oved by 27%, or about 4. 5% per year. Multi-Factor Productivity Productivity = Output / delve + Material + Energy + Capital + Miscellaneous ? Also known as total factor productivity ?Output and inputs are often expressed in dollars Labor Productivity Productivity = Units Produced / Labour hours used Service Productivity ? Typically labor intensive ? Frequently focused on unique individual attributes or desires ? Often an intellectual task performed by professionals ? Often difficult to mechanize ? Often difficult to evaluate for quality puddle Measurement Work Measurement refers to determining the output in quantitative terms. It implies measuring the volume of work completed and the time spent in completing it.It involves the field of chew over of the time required for performing each element of an office operation. Thus, work measurement includes the analysis of each operation, identifying its elements of part and measuring the time taken by an employee in performing each ele ment of the operation. This technique used for work measurement is known as Time orbit. Besides determining the actual time taken in performing any operation, time study also enables time standards to be set for performing the operation. Although the main objective of office work measurement is to aid management n planning and controlling office operations, yet some of the other objectives of work measurement are a) Decide the number of employees in each department b) Determine the standard work-load for each employee c ) Measure the performance of individual employees d) Help decide appropriate methods of motivation e) modify work systems f) Increase individual efficiency g) Reduce the cost of office services Steps in Work Measurement The following steps should be taken by the office manager before work measurement is undertaken in an office a) Planning b) Work improvement c) quantityisation of office work measurement and standardisation of activities d) Listing of tasks to be m easured e ) Defining unit of measurement and methods of measurement f) Securing subordinates willing co-operation g) Executing the programme. vQuick Check Mark professedly or False 1. One of the objectives of work measurement is to evaluate the year-on-year output produced. (ANSF) 2. Labour Productivity is defined as Output per unit of Labour. (ANSF) 3.Service Productivity is difficult to mechanise and evaluate. (ANST) 4. Simplifying work systems is an objective of work measurement. (ANST) Importance of Office Work Measurement 1. Planning and Scheduling Work 2. Appraisal of Employee Performance 3. assessment of Manpower Requirement 4. Cost Calculations 5. Improved employee motivation and morale Techniques of Work Measurement in Office 1. Past Performance Basis 2. Time Study 3. Work Sampling Time Study Time Study is the most widely used and best known technique of work measurement. Time study method helps in setting time standards for work. This method is also known as a stop watch study method to measure work.Time study or stop watch study is the process of recording and analysing systematically the time required to perform office operations by an average employee working at average speed under standard conditions, using standard methods. Essential requirements for time study are 1. Skilled analyst 2. Standardisation of work methods 3. Standard conditions under which work has to be performed 4. Selection of well-trained employees who are acquainted with the purpose of the study 5. Determining the duration of the study The following steps are to be taken for conducting a time study programme i) Identify the job to be studied and break down the relevant tasks into basic elements. For example, the task of unhorse opening nvolves five elements, that is, picking up envelope, cutting the edge of envelope, removing the contents of the envelope, connecting the cover with papers contained in the envelope and placing the letter in the tray. ii) Determine the number o f work cycles to be observed and design the time date sheet for recording time elements for each time cycle. iii) Record the time taken for each element of the work process on the designed time date sheet. A stop-watch is generally used for determining the time taken. This process has to be repeated as per (ii). iv) Calculate the average time for each element from the work cycle readings (iii). v) Add allowances for delays, fatigue, etc. i) On the basis of above steps (iv& v) work standards can be determined and report drafted/ This method is simple and can be adopted without much additional cost. But the data collected are subject to the nature of conditions and the competence of employees hence, the standards set so may not be much reliable. However, scope of improvement in this method is not rule out. Summary A process strategy is used by organizations to build a production process that meets customer requirements and adheres to product specifications within cost and other const raints. An efficient process strategy helps the organization to develop a competitive advantage over other organizations.Various process strategies can be classified under one of the four broad process strategies namely process focus, repetitive focus, product focus and mass customization. The choice of process strategy depends upon the type of product to be produced. In order to determine which process is most suited to transform resources into goods and services, operations managers compare various aspects of the process such as maximization of customer value, competitive advantage etc. There are a number of tools which can be used to understand the complexities of process design and redesign. Some of these tools are flow diagrams, time-process-function mapping, value-stream mapping, process charts and service blueprinting.Each of these five process analysis tools has its strengths and variations. Service processes, unlike production processes, are heavily capable on customer int eraction and customization according to customer needs. Although customer interaction often affects process performance adversely, it cant be through with(p) off with in case of service processes. The effectiveness of a service process depends upon the level to which the manager can accommodate the special requirements of a customer. Service processes having high labour intensity can be improved by focussing on human resources whereas services involving low labour intensity benefit from innovations in process technology and scheduling.Equipment and technology are other important factors that need to be considered during process design or redesign. These decisions can be complex because of accessibility of large amount of alternatives in both production and service processes. Some of the production technologies that are widely used today are machine technology, automatic identification systems (AISs), process control, vision systems, robots, automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs), automated guided vehicles (AGVs), flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) and computer integrated manufacturing (CIMs). The choice of technology depends upon the type of product and the budget constraints. engine room advancement has taken place in service design as well.Industries such as hospitality, airlines and even food & beverages have seen a rapid change in technology which has resulted in more efficient and therefore better quality of services. Consumer demands are dynamic and therefore keep changing with time. Consequently, business processes also need to be redesigned from time to time in order to cope up with changing demands. Effective redesign depends upon questioning both purpose and underlying assumptions of a process and addressing the issues. Process redesign can also address issues of expanding a business, improving the quality or efficiency of a process, or adding variety to the type of products manufactured.Redesigning of a process casts aside all notio ns of how a process is currently being done and focuses on improvements in customer value, cost, and time. Another important aspect of process design which has caught attention is the ethics and environmental friendliness of a process. As businesses are becoming more and more socially responsible, ethical and environment friendly processes are the need of the hour. Some of these actions are legally required, such as pollution control, while others are done by businesses as part of their corporate responsibility towards society. In future, the main focus of businesses will be to make their processes socially responsible, i. . helping in the well-being of the society along with making profits for the business. Short-Answer Questions 1) What is a process strategy? Why is it useful for an organization? 2) Name different kinds of process strategies. Write short notes on each explaining the types of products for which they can be used. 3) Mention three differences between product focused and process focused strategies. 4) What are the factors that need to be considered while analyzing and designing processes? 5) How is time-function mapping different from value-stream mapping? 6) Briefly explain the difference between production process design and service process design. ) Write short notes on Flexible Manufacturing Systems and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Systems. Point out the difference between them. 8) Give two examples of technology improvements in service sector. 9) What is process redesign? When is it required in an organization? 10) Demonstrate the importance of ethical and environmental factors to businesses with at least two examples. Long-Answer Questions 1) Briefly describe mass customization process indicating the instances where it can be used. What are the requirements to make mass customization work in an organization? 2) Describe an instance where product focus can be used. Draw flow diagram for the example given. ) What are crossover charts? Briefly explain how they can be used to compare various process strategies. 4) Write brief notes on a) Flow Diagrams. b) Time-Function Mapping. c) Value-Stream Mapping. d) Process charts. e) Service Blueprinting. 5) What are different production technology tools available to businesses today? Write a short note on each of them. Also, give examples of products where each of the production technology tools can be used. Multiple choice Questions 1) Process focused strategy is used for a Low volume, low variety products b Low volume, high variety products c High volume, low variety products d High volume, high variety products ) Product focused strategy is used for a Low volume, low variety products b Low volume, high variety products c High volume, low variety products d High volume, high variety products 3) Mass customization strategy is used for a Low volume, low variety products b Low volume, high variety products c High volume, low variety products d High volume, high variety produ cts 4) Crossover charts are used for a Comparison of process choices b Design of process choices c Both comparison and design of process choices d None of the above 5) Which among these is not a focus point while designing process strategies? a Customers Products c Suppliers d Technology 6) Product focussed facility is a a Low fixed cost and low variable cost facility b Low fixed cost while high variable cost facility c High fixed cost while low variable cost facility d High fixed cost and high variable cost facility 7) Which of these is not a process analysis and design tool? a Time-function mapping b Human-resource mapping c Vale-stream mapping d Service Blueprinting 8) Which of the following is not a production technology area? a Automatic Identification Systems b Flexible Management Systems c Layout Management Systems d Computer Integrated Manufacturing 9) Service Blueprinting focuses on a Time taken to complete individual processes b The processes which result in adding value to the product c Customer and the providers interaction with the customer d Symbols which are used to differentiate between activities 10) Which among these is not a process strategy? Product focus b Process focus cMass customization dProcess control 11) The decision to be kept in mind while analyzing and designing processes are a whether the process minimizes total cost b whether the process saves time cwhether the process adds value as perceived by the customer dAll of the above 12) Equipment utilization in case of a process-focused facility is in the range of a 5%-25% b 25%-45% c 50%-70% d 75%-95% Numerical-Problems 1) XYZ ltd. has 3 alternatives to produce 30000 units of a certain product X. The total fixed and variable costs related to each alternative are mentioned in the table below Alternative 1 Total Fixed Cost Total variable Cost/ Unit 40000 18 Alternative 2 90000 16 Alternative 3 130000 15 On the basis of the data given above, answer the following questions a) Draw a cro ss-over chart reflecting each alternative. ) Which alternative is best for producing product X? c) Which alternative will be the best one if the units to be manufactured are 45000? d) Determine the economic volume for each process. 2) An automobile repairing garage has an average of 30 cars turning in for maintenance every day. The annual fixed costs of repair & maintenance is Rs 730,000 and variable cost of maintenance per car is Rs 50. A new technology has come up in the market which will reduce the variable cost per car to Rs 40 but will increase the annual fixed costs to Rs 109500. Is it advisable for the owner of the garage to switch to new technology? Assume negligible installation costs and 365 days in a year. ) Clean-tech washing machine manufacturers have four options to produce their washing machines. The costs involved in each process have been tabulated below Process Control Annual Fixed Costs 150000 Direct Material/Unit Direct Labour/Unit Power Expense/Unit 32 56 34 51 28 49 27 47 34 Robots 180000 33 FMS 200000 35 CIM 220000 34 The number of units manufactured each year is 4500. Answer the questions below a) Draw crossover chart reflecting each process and find out the indifference points. b) Which alternative is best for producing the washing machines? c) If the number of washing machines manufactured annually changes to 8000, which one would be the best alternative? ) Draw flow diagrams for a) An iPod b) A Mercedes-Benz c) Johnny-walker scotch whisky 5) Prepare process charts, time-function maps and service blueprints for the processes mentioned in Q-4. showcase Studies instance Study 1 Simulation mannequin for manufacturing of major Boeing components using FMS, MCM and AGVs Every Boeing commercial airplane is customized for a specific customer. Manufacturing processes of some major components are plummy to follow the FMS concepts in a customized manufacturing environment. In the case study that follows, a wing assembly process is examined by means of discrete computer simulation modelling. There are more than thirty complex processes applied to more than fifteen machine classes.Most processes require a different number of labour entities from various labour classes. The overall pace of the whole system (i. e. , the system take time) is desired to be a variable that impacts the process time of all related processes, as well as the number of assigned labourers. A modular approach to MCM system design will not only benefit the overall performance of a flexible MCM system, but will also enhance simulation-modelling exercises. Discrete event simulation technology employs the same platform concept as in modelling highly flexible and rapid reconfigurable production lines. Such modelling methods reflect manufacturing processes according to the ever-changing customized demands.Many fundamental manufacturing process parameters, such as layout reconfigurations, and resource re-allocations, can be derived ahead of time from the simulation models. A high-level process flow of the simulation model is shown below in figure 1, where source 1 generates incoming parts according to the system take time with optional statistical distributions. Buffer S receives incoming parts via the only crane resource in the system. The part will then be lifted by the crane to the machine B where multiple processes will be performed by multiple resources. The part then continues to move from the machine B to the machine P, the end of the process line. Multiple processes are assigned throughout this line on each machine.An additional process is needed in the middle of the line where the part will be graftred to the polisher A followed by a couple of external processes. Figure 1 The simulation model process technique Afterwards, buffer A receives the part and calls for the overhead crane to transfer the part back to buffer T where the part will continue through the rest of the process. At the end of the line, the part goes from the machine P to the buffer A then to the sink, which is the final destination of all parts in the simulation model. Two different part-carrying platforms are involved in the system. The high speed dolly transfers parts to and from buffer A.The low speed dolly carries one part at a time from machine B all the way to machine P. Additional components are introduced to the system from source 2 and 3 at different stages of the process line. Figure 2 An aircraft major component assembly line simulation model Resource class types in this model consist of labour, machine, and Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) elements. The machine class stands alone for each machine, while the labour and AGV classes are managed by their respective controllers. Those thirty plus processes that are stand-alone objects can be assigned to multiple machines. Thus, each machine has from two to six assigned processes.Processes run at all times in an endless do-loop as part of the nature of this modelling environmen t. As in short as a condition is met for a process, it will execute its logic and its assigned time duration on the machine where it resides. After the last process sequence of the last machine class has been executed, the part is transferred to the sink class where it will be logically destroyed and removed from the modelling system. The approach of this simulation modelling successfully manages a flexible customized manufacturing system in a flexibly modulated and customized fashion. For each complicated customized scenario, it is comprehendible that traditional manual modelling modification will take much longer effort than this technique.As compared to alternative approaches to this MCM application, benefit of this innovative methodology is evident in the following points Customizable exempt of deployment Scalable Additional detailed verification between simulation models and flexible MCM exercises on the shop floor remain to be fully performed once this conceptual process d evelopment turns into reality. Nevertheless, approaches and methodologies presented in this work illustrate unparalleled advantages in operating flexible and customized manufacturing systems. Authors Dr. Guixiu Qiao, Computer Scientist Manufacturing Systems Integration Division National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8260 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260, USA emailprotected nist. gov emailprotected com Tel 301-975-4735 Roberto F. Lu, PE, Associate Technical Fellow Boeing Commercial Airplanes Manufacturing R &D The Boeing Company PO Box 3707 institutionalise Code 6X-TR Seattle, WA 98124-2207, USA roberto. f. emailprotected com Tel 425-234-4049 Charles McLean, Computer Scientist Manufacturing Systems Integration Division National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8260 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260, USA emailprotected nist. gov Tel 301-975-3511 Case Study 2 Computer Integrated Manufacturing in Small Companies Computer integrated manufactur ing (CIM) technology provides companies with an excellent probability in order to compete in the present global context. The actual situation also favours small companies in developing and implementing CIM applications, due to many concurrent factors (de Venuto et al. 1994 Gupta and Brennan, 1995) availability of low cost computer hardware and software tools, with better performance and quality, makes CIM solutions accessible even to limited budget companies technical improvement in the fields of networking and personal computers allows for reliable distributed information systems, providing the opportunity to use an affordable stepby-step approach while safeguarding integrity Increased awareness, at management level, of the competitive potential offered by CIM solutions actual turbulence of markets requires small companies to interminably increase performance, such as production flexibility, timely purchasing and delivery, process and product quality, in order to avoid the ri sk of quickly being overshadowed by more farsighted competitors. As a consequence, the introduction of CIM technologies may represent, particularly for small companies, one of the most promising strategies to acquire and maintain a competitive edge, from product development to marketing and distribution. The case study presented concerns CIM introduction in a small company (Italpneumatica Sud) working in the area of pneumatic components with the tag SMC (one of the leading producers in the world).Like many other small medium-sized companies, Italpneumatica Sud has to solve integration problems on a limited budget. The strategic requirements to be met are as follows Need to guarantee customer service by reducing lead times this involves timely information, accurate delivery times and a reliable logistical system Need to guarantee product and process quality this requires accurate operations and process control to make quality certification possible (EN 29000) need to guarantee t he setting up of a safe and timely corporate information system able to supply each user with online data required for operational and decision-making procedures.The main problems in this case study can be summarized as follows High throughput time Production management practically characterized by no scheduling Excessive reliance on paper support for information exchange Low level of process control Scarce visibility of manufacturing process at management level Accumulation of work in process inventory at shop floor level Stock levels not optimized developed production costs not foreseeable. 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